"A modern spectator, still under the influence of [a] Romantic interpretation of art, finds it uninteresting, if not distressing, when the historian tells him that a rational system of proportions, or even a definite geometrical scheme, underlies this or that representation."Erwin Panofsky
Turning to the Sacred and Profane Love, there are no indicators to any structured demands of perspective, rather, the sculptural volume of the centrally placed figurative suite (the two women, the child and the fountain/sarcophagus) appear almost unrelated to the surrounding iconography. Perceived ‘distance’ is implied by the diminutive pastoral iconography (so, background) which surrounds the grand suite of figures (foreground) and the eye rationalises and accepts this presentation. But upon closer scrutiny the background iconography does appear to be mathematically unrelated to the central grouping - for example; due to the smaller proportions of the castle at the paintings left it appears to be at a distance, as do (to a lesser degree) the two hares directly below the castle. To the right of the painting various idyllic and pastoral themes are at play and yet, perceived distance or relative tension between those ciphers seem to be randomly scattered around that large suite of figures. Now, examining this scheme with a critical eye it certainly does appear to be disconcertingly disproportionate - particularly in an era that was dominated by mathematical perspective. The more one ponders the Sacred and Profane Love the more one becomes literally disillusioned in accepting this work as a form of artifice developed around a central vanishing point (or points) in accordance with the laws of perspective.
No doubt an overall sense of harmony greets the eye, but to the mind the proportions appear mathematically illogical. There are several types of pictorial arrangements where symbol and motif rely on radically different systems of design; one may be a patterned symbolic arrangement and another, a geometric pattern, or (more common to the Renaissance) the mathematically based system of proportion. During the Renaissance, that system which we now term ‘perspective’ was then known as ‘optics’. As a recorder of idea, perspective was not necessarily based around the elocution of subject matter, which is to say; the primary idea of the structure of perspective is optical. Perspective is a visual, optical elocution historically tied to an end result of design formality rather than a form of narrative or communication in itself. This fundamental structure of sixteenth century painting was commented on by the historian Heinrich Wölfflin:
“What is peculiar to all pictures of the sixteenth century is that the vertical and horizontal are not only present as directions, but that they are made to dominate the picture.”
Again; taken individually, the use of perspective law offers no intended or direct communicative value in practice because the science of perspective may be visually appreciated regardless of subject matter. This is not because we are ignorant of the idea, but because we already know that perspective law was the idea. Perspective in the general context of the Renaissance is (tellingly) as a visual vehicle rather than specific language beyond its genre. There are distinct approaches to the execution of perspective that over time, reveal development from one era to the next - but this is not often a narration or conversation by the artist on a specific topic that perspective alone can articulate; it is more a 'warp and weft' system into which design and idea are interwoven: See Chronological shifts and individual takes of linear perspective.
The discipline of perspective be thought of as conceptually superior to a patterned symbolic geometry or two dimensional representation. In hindsight, and before the promise of langue, visual constructions begin as foundations; systems that develop design structures as points of departure. It must be remembered that the illusions created by the science of perspective did not imitate optical reality at all. (See Invention of Linear Perspective.) This 'single eye' viewpoint of perspective law appeared to announce what was to later become the western way of seeing and appears to be endorsed by the emergence of the single lens reflex camera. But mathematical accuracy does not equate to visual experience from the human perspective - as was accurately conveyed by the Venetian scholar, Professor Cesare Molinari:
“...perspective science was based on an analysis of monocular vision, the mathematical and visual space it created did not coincide with the empirical reality of psycho-physically normal, binocular vision.”
Molinari's clarification reminds us that the mathematical method is as artificial as any other method: a method which at worst probably bears the stamp of a voyeuristic, keyhole culture - which in part began with Brunelleschi's hole in the baptistery panel. Because a painting is more a plot than a photograph, the symbolic is the ideal where there are those who understand the import of the particular symbol as an indicator of metaphoric language. Number symbolism, perspective, geometric schema; all of these methods, distinct in intention as they are, may be placed under the qualification of ‘substructural geometry’, because the visually unifying nature of geometry (or pattern or plot), are really the development of a ‘methodology of foundation’ and are of an equitable value when reduced to formularized schematic intentions or considered as 'conceptual armatures'.
An interesting digression on the importance of foundation can be seen in the life of Galileo and who, in this excerpt, is exampling a friend whose shallow approach to the construction of a painting paralleled an equally shallow manner of philosophising. Galileo appears to be criticising random marking as the basis for a type of poesie - which is conspicuously different from the rigorous planning required as the basis for visual or scientific foundation, and it can be readily assumed that he is berating an absence of considered structure as lacking in intellectual merit. Galileo writes:
“...this mode of philosophising has a great sympathy with the style in which one of my friends used to paint: on one part of the canvas he would write with chalk - there I will have a fountain, with Diana and her nymphs; here some harriers; in this corner I will have a huntsman, with a stag’s head; the rest may be a landscape of wood and mountain; and what remains to be done may be put in by the colourman: and thus he flattered himself that he had painted the story of Actæon, having contributed nothing to it beyond the names.” P.71gal
In the above excerpt, it appears that to Galileo - who had himself considered donning the painters mantle - a paintings conceptual arrangement should be no less rigorous than any logical argument advanced by the most ardent thinker. Although Galileo was certainly at the later end of the Renaissance, these thoughts express a learned distaste for random marking posing as erudition.
Clearly now, there is an appreciable distinction between the design of the Sacred and Profane Love and the precise, geometric mathematics of perspective. When able to differentiate between these structures, one is better equipped to comprehend the propositions that were being advanced - bearing in mind that these artworks were created for individuals or groups that had the financial means to commission them and the capacity to appreciate them - and this narrow field certainly indicates privilege. It is also highly likely that certain cliques within society excluded the mainstream to avoid religious and governmental scrutiny, and to also ensure the incorruptibility of certain ideas and 'truths'. (Peter Bourke citation here). In specific regard to the Sacred and Profane Love, Charles Hope’s timeless monograph on Titian noted this distinction:
"The design and structure of the Sacred and Profane Love appears to bear no relationship to the design structures based around visual perspective that were being produced in the painters workshops of the period."
As a conceptual schematic of a religious type, the Sacred and Profane Love has been stripped of any possible religious passion and traced to the most abstract of geometric sources. Overall one can conclude that the proposition of the Sacred and Profane Love is religious, but only in the driest, academic sense of scrutiny tempered by emotional neutrality - a curious feat to achieve in fifteenth century Venice. All of this will lend gravity to the notion that during the Renaissance, the humanist advisor could be responsible for advancing learned considerations on the behalf of the patrons who were the financial source for a great deal of commissioned artworks.
The influence of the humanist advisor can be found in the conceptual structures of the Sacred and Profane Love where the advisor appears to have devised an entire symbolic programme (invenzione). While it is most unlikely that the advisor would tread upon the artists ground by forwarding a programme outlining a preferred method of perspective, it is extremely plausible that a programme could be advanced where both classical narrative and symbolism were synthesized into a rigid form of invenzione. It should also be considered that the while the advisor might desire the design to be inflexible, the patron may well have had leanings toward a more decorative - and so flexible - sensibility.
The influence of the humanist advisor can be found in the conceptual structures of the Sacred and Profane Love where the advisor appears to have devised an entire symbolic programme (invenzione). While it is most unlikely that the advisor would tread upon the artists ground by forwarding a programme outlining a preferred method of perspective, it is extremely plausible that a programme could be advanced where both classical narrative and symbolism were synthesized into a rigid form of invenzione. It should also be considered that the while the advisor might desire the design to be inflexible, the patron may well have had leanings toward a more decorative - and so flexible - sensibility.
While the ‘scientific’ area of perspective geometry evolved into a studious methodology for religious and secular painting under the direction of the guilds, curious forms of geometric consideration were most likely born of Byzantine and medieval monastic manuscripts and their disciplined two dimensional representations. But to where and to whom might we turn to definitively determine a lineage of symbolic geometry?
cheese... pAuL
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